AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment

Khadijah Mohammed Nouruldeen

doi:doi:10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11

Research Article |

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AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment

Khadijah Mohammed Nouruldeen^*

Published in Humanities and Social Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 6)

Received: 27 August 2024 Accepted: 26 October 2024 Published: 14 November 2024

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Abstract

The research aimed to explore the use of archeological rock ornamentations from AlUla in designing and manufacturing decorative accessories globally, employing up-to-date printing methods on metal surfaces. AlUla is the place in northwest Saudi Arabia that boasts a very rich cultural tradition expressed through different forms of ancient rock carvings, inscriptions, and decorative motifs. These archaeological constituents represent a great opportunity for the integration of historical art forms with state-of-the-art design practices in line with KSA Vision 2030, set on cultural promotion coupled with technological advancement. The central research problem looks into how AlUla's cultural motifs could be adapted for use in ornamental accessories by employing advanced surface treatment techniques on metals. The approach followed in the research is descriptive and analytical to explore, from a theoretical viewpoint, the historical significance and artistic value of the archaeological decorations in AlUla. It further probes into an experimental methodology of applying methods of contemporary digital printing on metal surfaces. This will not only try to bring to light how these ancient symbols influenced the evolution of the decorative arts in the Kingdom, but also how present-day technology may revitalize these traditional designs for today's market. The findings prove that digital printing techniques are actually useful in producing very complex and culturally inspired metal accessories, thus proving the point of heritage meeting innovation. From this research, it is necessary to establish that it holds great potential for functionality and aesthetic enhancement of ornamental accessories to foster cultural heritage via contemporary art. It goes to recommend further explorations of technological advances in digital printing and applications within metal accessory industries for further emphasis on integrating traditional art forms with modern technologies of production for added value to the cultural heritage and commercial practices.

Published in	Humanities and Social Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11
Page(s)	179-192
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

AlUla Decorations, Designs, Ornamental Accessories, Contemporary Printing Techniques, Metal Surface Treatment

1. Introduction

Archaeological decorations have specific cultural and historical significance in which they provide legacy rich in art and handicraft traditions focusing especially on ancient civilizations. AlUla, located in Northwestern Saudi Arabia, is known for its archaeological rich legacy characterized by rock art, tombs and ancient settlements. The compound designs and decorations in AlUla archaeology attracted many researchers and historians and inspired contemporary craftsmen and designers regarding developing ornamental accessories using contemporary printing techniques.

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Archaeological decorations in AlUla are considered a representation of the artistic creativity and cultural manifestation of the past. The designs are often characterized by geometric patterns, compound carvings and symbols reflecting the ancient inhabitants’ beliefs, traditions and aesthetics. These decorations, etched onto rocks, pottery, and other artifacts, reflect glimpses into the daily life, social structures, and artistic manifestation of the civilizations that thrived in this region in the past

[2]

In recent years, discovering archaeological sites in AlUla and studying their decorative arts provoke renewed attention to using these ancient archaeological decorations in contemporary art designs since artists and designers realized the formal aesthetic values of such decorations. Thus, they sought to integrate these complex patterns and their symbolic items in modern artistic pieces. Contemporary art printing techniques have become of benefits regarding giving life to archaeological decorations in AlUla. In addition, digital printing and other contemporary techniques on metal surfaces allow for the accurate and flawless replication of complex designs onto various metals and metal surfaces such as silver, gold, and bronze

[3]

Integrating heritage decorations in AlUla does more than merely honor this region's past; it preserves and promotes its legacy. Each piece of ornamental accessories becomes a wearable work of art, conveying tales of ancient civilizations through symbols originated in AlUla. By adorning oneself with these unique crafted pieces, people can appreciate eternal beauty that transcends generations and connect with the past while embracing the Kingdom's cultural identity

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Combining decorations of archaeological rocks in AlUla and contemporary printing techniques in designs of ornamental accessories represents a nature of unique integration for legacy and contemporality. It also indicates the constant impact of art in its various forms, and draws attention to the way of preserving culture through innovative designs. However, excavators continue their discoveries to reveal ancient decorations in AlUla, thus increasing the constant cultural reflection in the region and innovating creative ornamental accessories of a heritage concept with a global consistency.

1.1. Research Problem

The application of contemporary printing technologies presents significant potential for integrating designs that feature archaeological decorations from AlUla. However, the researcher must confront numerous challenges to fully benefit from the historical significance and cultural dimensions of these decorations. The archaeological decorations in AlUla are priceless artifacts that embody both historical and cultural value and require rigorous preservation and protection. The process of reshaping these decorations for use in ornamental accessories raises concerns about maintaining the authenticity, integrity, and precision of the original designs. This research emphasizes the critical importance of ensuring the accurate details and high-quality production of the decorations while preserving their historical context. Additionally, these decorations require a nuanced balance between respecting traditional elements and fostering innovative creativity to be converted into modern ornamental accessories designs. The designer researcher must devise methods to adapt and reinterpret these decorations to meet contemporary aesthetic preferences while preserving the intrinsic essence and symbolic significance of the original designs.

Based on the foregoing discussion, the following research question arises:

To what extent can the cultural and archaeological rock decorations in AlUla be effectively utilized in the design of ornamental accessories through contemporary printing techniques, employing advanced surface treatments on various metallic surfaces, in alignment with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 AD.

1.2. Research Objectives

This research intends to:

(i) Utilize the archaeological rock decorations in AlUla to create designs that are suitable for individual ornamental accessories globally.

(ii) Create designs obtained from archaeological decorations of rocks in the form of art pieces as ornamental accessories using contemporary printing techniques by using surface treatment for various metal surfaces.

1.3. Research Significance

Demonstrate how to utilize archaeological rock decorations in AlUla to create contemporary ornamental accessories and preserve the cultural heritage of these symbols, thereby, enable researchers to enhance their understanding of the symbols of ancient civilizations and their artistic expressions.

Provide opportunities for specialists to learn how to integrate contemporary printing techniques and process various metal surfaces in ornamental accessories.

This research sheds light on the adaptation of archaeological decorations, focusing on how to balance tradition with innovation, and reshaping these decorations to meet contemporary global aesthetic preferences while preserving their cultural significance. Furthermore, the research examines the integration of these decorations with contemporary printing techniques, all in alignment with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 AD.

(i) Contribute to the cultural revival of AlUla’s traditions while also enhancing tourism.

(ii) Expand avenues for creative expression and develop products inspired by heritage cultures.

(iii) Create opportunities for market expansion and establish specialized markets within the printing industry and other artistic domains.

1.4. Limitations of the Research

i. Objective Limits: (Archaeological Rock Symbols, AlUla in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Contemporary Printing Techniques and Their Potential, Digital Printing, 3D Printing, UV Printing, Thermal Printing, Metal Surfaces, Ornamental Accessories)

ii. Spatial Limits: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

iii. Temporal Limits: 2024 AD.

2. Research Methodology

The research depends on the descriptive and analytical approach of the theoretical aspect, it also depends on the experimental approach of the practical aspect.

2.1. Research Terminology

2.1.1. Digital Printing

Digital Printing means printing photos and texts using direct digital techniques retrieved from electronic files without using traditional printing plates. Additionally, digital printing allows you to print at high speed, in limited quantities, and at a low cost compared with conventional printing. Moreover, Digital Printing includes printing with appliances, such as (Inkjet and Laser printers). Digital printing is widely used to produce promotional materials, books, journals, and other products

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2.1.2. 3D Printing

3D Printing is a manufacturing technique that creates 3D shapes by adding successive layers of materials according to a pre-made digital design. However, this method is used in several fields, including medicine, engineering, architecture, designing products in various shapes and arts. 3D Printing is a turning point in manufacturing as it facilitates the production of composite forms and individual customization of products

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2.1.3. Primitive Decorations

Primitive decorations are shapes and decorations used by people to represent ancient cultures in several civilizations, characterized by simplicity and symbolism. It usually refers to religious beliefs and social traditions. Additionally, Primitive Decorations found in archaeological sites reflect the imaging techniques that date back thousands of years and carry stories about these civilizations’ daily lives, traditional rituals and beliefs

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2.1.4. Surface Treatments by Using Digital Printing on Metals

It is a set of printing techniques and methods used for reworking, changing and raising the value of metal surfaces. These surface treatments involve applying layers of ink or paintings on the intended metal surface in order to create a specific decoration text, photo, or pattern. However, these treatments are used for particular purposes. Furthermore, these techniques include (Engraving, Thermal, Laser printing and other methods). The Surface Treatments enhance the metal products' appearance and increase their commercial and artistic value

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2.1.5. Digital Halftoning (Inkjeting)

Digital Halftoning means printing a specific text or photo using a matrix of tiny dots. It is widely used in dot matrix printers. Moreover, it is executed by striking the ink line with small dots on the material to be printed on, forming several patterns to get the desired shape. Digital Halftoning printers are considered one of the oldest types of electronic printers, and they use carbon paper to print multiple copies

[9]

2.1.6. Metal 3D Printing

Metal 3D Printing is one of the latest manufacturing techniques for forming metal parts and components through incremental forming. This technique includes using laser or electron beams to accurately melt one metal powder layer by layer in order to create the final desired shape or figure. 3D printing facilitates the design and manufacturing of complex and composite parts, which can hardly be manufactured through traditional manufacturing methods. However, it is mainly used in industries including but not limited to (Aviation, cars, medicine, etc.)

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2.1.7. Primitive Art Era

This age extends from the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) until the beginning of the New Stone Age (Neolithic). It also refers to the first historical periods in which communities started implementing artworks. Primitive Art is marked by drawings and engravings found on the caves’ walls, along with the small sculptures made of bones and stones. Additionally, Primitive Art is a reflection of primitive people's lives, beliefs and interactions with the environment

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2.2. Theoretical Framework

2.2.1. First Aspect: Nature of Primitive Decorations and Engravings

(i). Definition of Primitive Decorations

Primitive Art, also known as Primitive Decorations or Prehistoric Art, is a reference to ancient forms of artistic expression that an archaic human used during the Old Stone Age, Middle Stone Age, and New Stone Age. These decorations used to be simple and embellished at the same time. They were usually used to decorate things such as household items, weapons, clothes, and items used in religious rituals

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(ii). AlUla Archaeological Decorations Types in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

AlUla region, located in northwest the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is known for its rich monuments and cultural significance. Additionally, the region is a cradle for several ancient civilizations including the Nabataean that left behind a wealth of primitive decorations and engravings that carry lots of artistic meanings, stories and connotations

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(iii). Below Are Some of the Primitive Decorations Found in AlUla Such as

Geometric shapes: These Decorations used simple geometric shapes such as a circle, a triangle and a square in order to create complex patterns on variety of materials such as pottery, jewelries and other things.

Animals’ shapes and symbols: Animals such as (ibex, deers and snakes) were frequently used in primitive decorations and engravings. These symbols were simple and designed to reflect how the artist observes nature.

Human images shapes: The simple human shapes, that often have exaggerated features, were drawn and painted in the primitive art. These shapes may have represented ancestors, legendary creatures, etc.

Abstract symbols: It reflects different kinds of lines, such as (spiral, refracted and arched lines), and they were used to express meaning and to tell stories. Additionally, these symbols may have meaningful connotations.

Rock Art: In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, AlUla contains several places that have that type of art that animal and human decorations and engravings characterize in addition to abstract symbols. These decorations were usually made of simple tools such as stones and bones and dated back to the Neolithic age (around 10,000 - 4,500 BC).

(iv). Features and Characteristics of the Primitive Decorations in AlUla

Simplicity and Elegance: The Primitive Decorations are marked by their simple and embellished design, which expresses the artist’s apparent artistic view. Thus, simple geometric shapes, natural symbols, and engravings are used with outstanding competence in decorating tools in general and pieces of art

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Symbolism: The Primitive Decorations include symbols that reflect ancient social beliefs, customs and traditions. Additionally, these simple symbols and engravings are associated with religious rituals, legends and everyday life habits. Figure 1 shows the simple used symbols and decorations.

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Figure 1. The figures show the simple used symbols and decorations. (The Camel engravings mark their historical importance to Arabs for thousands of years).

Variety of Materials: Primitive Communities in AlUla used various materials and substances to create distinguished engravings and decorations, including (stones, bones and mud) since using each material and substance reflects a certain level of creativity and innovation.

Utilization of Nature: Several primitive decorations and engravings in AlUla reflect the close association with nature, including the symbols and shapes used in Primitive Art, such as photos, animal and plant drawings and geographic shapes.

Geometric shapes: It was commonly used in the Primitive Decorations. Furthermore, simple shapes such as circles, triangles and squares were used to decorate clay, tools and weapons. As illustrated in Figure 2.

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Figure 2. The figure shows the geometric patterns used. (Archaeological Engravings in AlUla, Saudipedia, n.d)

Rock Art: The rock engravings and symbols and the paintings and photos on rocks are one of the most important features of the artistic primitive decorations in AlUla. Moreover, these artistic works reflected various religious beliefs, daily life and social events.

Repetition and Symmetry: It is a system that primitive decorations tend to use in their designs, which gives visual appeal and continuity in pattern and shape.

Abstraction: It is a feature that is frequently found in primitive decorations and engravings, especially in shapes and designs, which allows personalized interpretation and thorough comprehension of these symbols. As illustrated in Figure 3.

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Figure 3. The figure shows the abstraction of the symbols used. (The rock engravings and shapes in AlUla are signs of attraction in the mountains’ capital

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Primitive tools: Primitive tools, such as stones and bones, were used in the design and engraving of decorations. In addition, these tools reflect simple yet effective artistic techniques.

Cultural Influence: The primitive engravings and decorations in AlUla reflect the cultural intermingling and influence of various civilizations that have passed through it, which underscores the exchange of ideas and cultures.

2.2.2. Second Aspect: Artistic Printing Techniques on Metals and Surface Treatments

(i). The Concept of Printing and Engraving on Metals

Print on metals techniques are used to transfer designs or images onto a specific metal surface using various methods such as (Screen Printing, Digital Printing, Thermal Transfer Printing, and Dot Printing). Special inks that interact with the metal surface are used to create the desired design, with images and colors applied with precision

[15]

Engraving techniques are employed to create designs with depth and three-dimensional patterns on metal surfaces. This process utilizes specialized tools, such as engraving pens, hammers, and an engraving machine, which is used to remove portions of the metal and achieve the desired design. As well as, various techniques are applied, including manual engraving and computer-controlled engraving using CNC machines, to attain a high degree of detail and precision

[16]

(ii). Artistic Printing Techniques

Artistic printing has a critical role in preserving individual intellectual heritage. Each method and technique have distinct characteristics and features that set it apart, serving as a versatile tool for artists to realize their intended aesthetic values and to interact with the chosen material and surface

[5]

Digital printing has diversified and undergone significant evolution, resulting in a wide array of techniques, equipment, materials, and software. Such evolution has occurred throughout the design process, surface preparation, and execution phases. As a result, digital printing has become one of the most widely practiced forms of art

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2.3. Key Techniques of Digital Printing on Metal Ornamental Accessories

2.3.1. UV Printing (Ultraviolet Printing)

UV printers employ inks that are rapidly cured by ultraviolet light, enabling them to print on a wide range of materials, including non-traditional materials like glass and metals. This technique of printing provides high-quality prints with excellent scratch resistance and is particularly suitable for surfaces that are challenging to print on using traditional ink absorption methods.

This is one of the modern printing techniques that relies on ultraviolet (UV) light to instantly and rapidly cure the ink immediately after printing. A special type of ink containing a compound that reacts with UV light is used to achieve a strong cure. This type of printing provides vibrant colors, high quality, and accurate details

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2.3.2. Steps for UV Printing:

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(i). Material Preparation Process

The surface to be printed on (such as plastic, paper, glass, metal, or other materials) must be properly prepared and specifically treated for UV printing to ensure that the ink adheres perfectly.

(ii). Ink Application Process

Special UV ink, containing compounds that react with ultraviolet light, is used to rapidly cure the print on the material.

(iii). Ink Curing Process

After the ink application process, the material is passed through a UV curing unit, where the ink is dried and fixed onto the desired surface. The curing process occurs rapidly, reducing production time and enhancing the efficiency of the printing process.

2.3.3. Features of UV Printing

(i) High-Quality Printing

UV printing produces sharp, vibrant colors with accurate details, making it ideal for applications that demand high quality.

(ii) Rapid Curing

The ink is cured instantly when exposed to ultraviolet light, reducing wait times and increasing production capacity.

(iii) Versatility and Surface Variety

UV printing can be applied to a wide range of smooth, non-porous surfaces with closely spaced particles, such as glass, plastic, and metal, offering great flexibility in printing applications.

(iv) Durability and Longevity

The UV ink provides high resistance to abrasion, chemicals, and various forms of radiation, ensuring that the print on the material is durable and long-lasting

[20]

Here is an example of UV printing on metals:

Printing on Metal Sheets: UV printing technology is used to print text and images on metal sheets such as (aluminum, stainless steel, and other types). It also provides vibrant colors and accurate details, making it suitable for branding, signs, promotional applications, metal ornamental accessories, and more

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as illustrated in Figure 4.

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Figure 4. The figures show an example of UV printing on metal. (Custom Logo Necklace Personalized Any Logo Necklace Company Icon Necklace Deep Engraving Men's Necklace - Etsy Egypt, n. d).

Here is an overview of some UV printers:

Mimaki UJF-3042 Printers: This type of printer provides printing on various range of materials, including metals, glass, and plastic, and is characterized by producing vibrant colors and accurate details.

Roland VersaUV LEJ-640 Printers: This type of printer supports printing on both flat and roll surfaces, and provides vibrant colors and detailed engravings.

EFI H1625 Printers: It prints on a variety of materials, including metals, and is characterized by processing the large-format sizes.

UV printing is an advanced contemporary technology that enhances print quality and offers flexibility in processing various surface types of different materials, making it an ideal choice for numerous industrial and advertising applications

[22]

Here are some examples of UV printing on metal specifically for advertising purposes:

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Figure 5. The figure shows UV printing for advertising applications. (UV Printing on Metal 101, A Basic Knowledge Guide - KDM Fabrication, n.d).

2.3.4. Thermal Printing

This technique utilizes a thermal printhead to apply prints onto heat-sensitive paper or a ribbon coated with ink, producing visible text or images. It is well-suited for rapid and cost-effective printing. It is also used in digital printing applications on metal, as well as for ornamental accessories, signs, receipts, labels, and a variety of other uses.

1) Sublimation Printing

Sublimation printing is a technique that involves transferring the ink from a solid state directly to a gaseous state without transitioning through a liquid state. Such a process is accomplished by applying heat and pressure to transfer paper that has been printed with sublimation ink, where the ink sublimates from the paper and permeates the surface of the material, infiltrating its pores, resulting in durable print that is highly resistant to external environmental factors.

The researcher then proceeds to explain the steps of the sublimation printing process:

2) Design Creation

Design creation is accomplished through the use of advanced digital design software such as Photoshop or Adobe Illustrator, which enable designers and artists to develop intricate and complex designs, which can then be printed with the utmost precision and highest quality.

3) Printing Process

The printing process involves utilizing a specialized thermal transfer printer with sublimation paper. Sublimation inks, designed to transition from a solid to a gaseous state under high temperatures, must be used, enabling the precise transfer of the design onto the material, ensuring high fidelity and optimal quality of the final print.

4) Preparation of Materials

The materials intended for printing using this technique are diverse, including polyester fabrics, polymer-coated metals, ceramics, and plastics. As the material must be properly prepared to ensure optimal adhesion of the sublimation ink. For cloth, it is imperative to ensure that they are thoroughly cleaned and free from wrinkles. For ceramic or metal materials: it is imperative to ensure that they are devoid of oils, dust, or other contaminants that could affect the quality of the print.

5) Ink Transfer

After preparing the design and the transfer paper for printing, the printed paper with the sublimation ink and the required design is placed on the surface of the material to be printed. The paper is then secured to prevent movement during the printing process. A heat press machine is used to apply high levels of heat and pressure to both the paper and the material simultaneously. This heat and pressure cause the ink to transition from a solid to a gaseous state, allowing it to permeate the surface of the material and permanently bond with it. This process typically takes a few minutes, depending on the type of substance and ink used.

6) Finalizing the Print (Product Output)

Once the ink transfer to the desired material is completed, the surface is left to cool. The paper is then quietly and carefully removed, revealing the final print. The result is a high-quality, permanent print with vibrant colors and precise details.

2.3.5. Features of Thermal Transfer Printing

Thermal transfer printing is known for its durability and resistance to external factors, such as repeated washing (for clothing) and exposure to sunlight. This makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, including clothing and ornamental accessories, decorative cups, signs, and promotional products). This enhances its distinction in practical and creative applications.

Examples of thermal Transfer Printing Applications:

(i). Printing on Metal Medals

This technique can be used to print custom designs or unique images onto metal medals. In this process, the desired design is printed onto a special transfer paper using heat transfer ink. The paper is then placed on the metal medal, which is coated with a special layer of alkyd or polymer. The medal is then subjected to heat and pressure using a specialized machine. The heat transforms the ink into a gas, allowing it to permeate the designated layer on the metal surface, resulting in a precise and durable design that won’t wear off. Figure 6 shows an example of printing on metal medals, showcasing double sided gold/ silver sticker papers specifically designed for medals and badges.

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Figure 6. Example of printing on metal sheets (medal). (Double Sided Gold/Silver Sticker Sheets - For Medals and Trophies - Inkjet - IFF (iffstore.com), (n.d)).

(ii). Printing on Metal Medals

Thermal transfer printing is used to print designs or text on metal medals intended as gifts or awards. Initially, the design is printed onto transfer paper. This paper is then wrapped around the medal and secured with adhesive tape. The medal is subjected to heat and pressure using a small oven or specialized machine. The solid ink converts to gas and interacts with the metal surface, which improves the design's durability and resistance to wear and scratches. Figure 7 shows a printed metal medal using the thermal transfer technique.

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Figure 7. The figure shows a printed metal medal using the thermal transfer technique. (Sublimation Jewellery, Sublizon, n.d).

(iii). Printing on Metal Bottles

Designs can be printed on metal bottles, such as water bottles and other products, for use as promotional products or gifts. The design is first printed onto transfer paper, which is then placed on the surface of the metal bottle. The bottle is then exposed to heat and pressure using a specialized machine. This process allows the ink to interact with the metal surface, resulting in a high-quality, durable design on the product.

2.3.6. 3D Printing

This method is an innovative technique that enables the manufacturing of unique pieces in limited or small quantities. It involves constructing a three-dimensional model layer by layer using specialized materials, such as plastic, metals, or others as desired. The process relies on digital design with CAD software, which divides the model into very thin layers. The dedicated printer then builds the shape layer by layer with utmost precision, regardless of the material used, until the final shape is complete. This technique facilitates the production of high-quality, detailed, and complex customized models

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The researcher then presents an example of metal 3D printing, as illustrated in Figure 8.

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Figure 8. The figures show jewelry designs created using 3D printing technology (A shows a product made of gold, and B shows a product made of platinum). (Innovation and differentiation, precious metal 3D printing in jewellery, metal-am.com, n.)

Direct metal laser sintering DMLS:

This technique is used in metal 3D printing, utilizing a laser selectively melts powdered metal to build up layers sequentially until the desired shape is achieved. It is widely utilized in various industries, including medical, aerospace, automotive, and others

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The following are examples of devices and equipment used:

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Devices:

EOS M 290 Printers These are designed for 3D printing using integrated laser technology for metal materials. They can create complex and detailed components from stainless steel alloys, including titanium and nickel. Additionally, they use lasers to melt metal powder and build parts with exceptional precision and accuracy. Which allow them to be used in advanced artificial applications, such as aircraft industry and medical field

[25]

SLM Solutions printers these printers provide similar 3D metal printing using SLM (Selective Laser Melting) technique, which enables the production of complex and durable parts.

Renishaw AM400 printers: They utilize integrated laser technology to manufacture metal parts, offering high precision in producing complex, detailed, and advanced components

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Materials:

(Stainless Steel Powder): Stainless steel powder is used in manufacturing durable and corrosion-resistant materials, such as industrial components and precision parts.

(Titanium Powder): Titanium powder is used in advanced applications that require a combination of durability and lightweight properties, such as in manufacturing prosthetics and aerospace components.

(Nickel Powder): Nickel powder is used in industries that require a high resistance to corrosion and heat, making it suitable for advanced industrial applications.

2.3.7. Practical Framework

The researcher utilized decorative designs and symbols from primitive rock art in the AlUla region to create artistic pieces for ornamental accessories. The process included hand drawing, creating sketches and models, which were then transferred to digital programs like Adobe Illustrator and Gold Matrix. These tools were used to simulate various digital printing methods, incorporating elements and motifs from specific locations in the region. The researcher carefully selected meaningful symbols that could be used artistically and commercially, ensuring they were appropriate for each printing technique and matched the specific metal type and specifications of the decorative pieces.

The following is the first artistic product of practical research applications: (Prepared by the researcher)

(i). The First Artistic Product of Practical Research Applications

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Figure 9. The figure shows the basic shape on stone. (The origin of Wadi Al-Naam’s name).

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Figure 10. The figure shows the symbol used to print on the product.

Table 1. The first artistic product’s final form of the practical research applications.

Product
Symbols used to design the product
	Human and Animal Symbolism were used and printed with Nile blue color.
Printing Technology Used	UV Digital Printing.
Material	Gold.
Figures analysis	Elements of various shapes of ostriches in multiple positions and sizes. The decorative design is inspired by various forms of the ostrich, which is believed to have inhabited the Jabal An-Na'am region.

(ii). The Second Artistic Product of Practical Research Applications

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Figure 11. The figure shows the basic shape on stone of camel carvings.

(Camel carvings in AlUla commemorate the history of the Ship of the Desert, Makkah Newspaper).

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Figure 12. The symbols used to print on the product.

Table 2. The second artistic product's final form of the practical research applications.

Product
Symbols used to design the product
	Human and Animal Symbolism were used and printed in blue-violet, yellow, and red-violet with white.
Printing Technology Used	Digital Printing with thermal adhesive on silver metal.
Material	Silver metal
Figures analysis	Human and Animal Symbolism were used and printed with thermal adhesive technology. The decorative design is derived from various forms of human and animal elements in various sizes, as well as there are large groups of diverse carvings and drawings spread across the pages of the AlUlaMountains, camels have an important role in Arab history and heritage in the current time. Furthermore, they are mentioned in the Qur'an, hadiths, literature, and poetry, indicating their status. In addition, symbols carved on the rock represent motherhood.

(iii). The Third Artistic Product of Practical Research Applications

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Figure 13. The figure shows some of the main figures on rocks.

(From the supplication formulas in the inscriptions of Al-Aqra’, fifty new inscriptions, the desert team).

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Figure 14. The figures show the symbols used to print on the product.

Table 3. The third artistic product's final form of the practical research applications.

Product
Symbols used to design the product
Printing Technology Used	3D Printing technology (Metal casting)
Material	Gold.
Figures analysis	The written symbols inscribe on the stone in Jabal Al-Aqra area in AlUla, for a person named Saeed. These inscriptions include the imperative formulas "By Allah's grace" and "joining ties of kinship", these two terms are used repeatedly.

3. Conclusion

The researcher recognizes the significance of referring to the heritage present in the heritage rock symbols in the AlUla region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to benefit from them in the creation of contemporary decorative complementary products using various digital printing techniques, which can be benefited on both cultural and material levels.

4. Results

Studying archaeological symbolism, decoration, and inscriptions in AlUla indicated how they are affected by ancient civilizations of the Arabian Peninsula, bringing about cultural decorative heritage. This led to figuring out the historical origins of some archaeological decorations, which affected the formation of the archaeological decorative routes in the Kingdom. Rock carvings from primitive times are considered the first nucleus of decorative lines in their various forms, where they have always been the unheard voice of humanity, expressing what is inside him to the world around, which helped to establish new fields in design and printing on metal ornamental accessories, contributing to identifying and then protecting those lines from extinction in accordance with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's 2030 AD vision. Use contemporary digital printing methods and techniques, particularly on traditional metals and materials such as gold and silver. The possibility of using various digital printing techniques on metal to manufacture jewelry and metal ornamental accessories. The use of innovative designs derived from primitive decorations in the AlUla region, as well as digital printing techniques affected the product's aesthetics. Digital printing techniques on gold and silver metal have assisted in preserving the metal's original value by enabling the addition of colors and inks without affecting the value of the acquired piece, as opposed to adding crystals or other stones, which may negatively affect the weight of the piece when buying and selling (in case of financial benefit). Practical applications implemented using digital printing techniques on metals were characterized by less effort and time in implementation. The primitive decoration's multiplicity and diversity including, written, plant, and animal, and its formative and aesthetic values, such as various symbols and meanings in the ancient primitive art of the region, and take advantage of its characteristics in experimental solutions in printing on metal ornamental accessories with specifications that combine authenticity and contemporary. The use of digital printing technology on metal has contributed to developing new functional visions in the field of printing on ornamental accessories. The designer shall keep up with technological development and benefit from contemporary digital printing techniques to achieve design and functional solutions by using these techniques on metal pieces and ornamental accessories, taking advantage of primitive decorations.

5. Recommendations

The researcher recommends the following:

i. Innovating decorative designs with an authentic heritage character, and then applying them on metals through digital printing.

ii. Promoting the appreciation and preservation of decorative art, particularly primitive decorations, for their historical significance and origins.

iii. Referring to heritage and learning from its data while rejecting intellectual dependency in developing design solutions that are commensurate with the society and the environment culture in a contemporary intellectual and cultural style. considering the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 AD.

iv. Continue studying the digital printing technology impact and how it might be effectively used for metal printing, particularly in metal ornamental accessories field.

v. Linking printing to other fields of art and benefiting from interdisciplinary studies.

vi. The possibility of using one of the digital printing technologies on metals and ornamental accessories as an idea for a small digital printing project, thus contributing to the preparation of these projects to serve youth and society.

Author Contributions

Khadijah Mohammed Nouruldeen is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The author has no conflict of interest.

References

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Nouruldeen, K. M. (2024). AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment. Humanities and Social Sciences, 12(6), 179-192. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11

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Nouruldeen, K. M. AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 2024, 12(6), 179-192. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11

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Nouruldeen KM. AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment. Humanit Soc Sci. 2024;12(6):179-192. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11

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@article{10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11,
  author = {Khadijah Mohammed Nouruldeen},
  title = {AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment
},
  journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {179-192},
  doi = {10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hss.20241206.11},
  abstract = {The research aimed to explore the use of archeological rock ornamentations from AlUla in designing and manufacturing decorative accessories globally, employing up-to-date printing methods on metal surfaces. AlUla is the place in northwest Saudi Arabia that boasts a very rich cultural tradition expressed through different forms of ancient rock carvings, inscriptions, and decorative motifs. These archaeological constituents represent a great opportunity for the integration of historical art forms with state-of-the-art design practices in line with KSA Vision 2030, set on cultural promotion coupled with technological advancement. The central research problem looks into how AlUla's cultural motifs could be adapted for use in ornamental accessories by employing advanced surface treatment techniques on metals. The approach followed in the research is descriptive and analytical to explore, from a theoretical viewpoint, the historical significance and artistic value of the archaeological decorations in AlUla. It further probes into an experimental methodology of applying methods of contemporary digital printing on metal surfaces. This will not only try to bring to light how these ancient symbols influenced the evolution of the decorative arts in the Kingdom, but also how present-day technology may revitalize these traditional designs for today's market. The findings prove that digital printing techniques are actually useful in producing very complex and culturally inspired metal accessories, thus proving the point of heritage meeting innovation. From this research, it is necessary to establish that it holds great potential for functionality and aesthetic enhancement of ornamental accessories to foster cultural heritage via contemporary art. It goes to recommend further explorations of technological advances in digital printing and applications within metal accessory industries for further emphasis on integrating traditional art forms with modern technologies of production for added value to the cultural heritage and commercial practices.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment

AU  - Khadijah Mohammed Nouruldeen
Y1  - 2024/11/14
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11
T2  - Humanities and Social Sciences
JF  - Humanities and Social Sciences
JO  - Humanities and Social Sciences
SP  - 179
EP  - 192
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8184
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11
AB  - The research aimed to explore the use of archeological rock ornamentations from AlUla in designing and manufacturing decorative accessories globally, employing up-to-date printing methods on metal surfaces. AlUla is the place in northwest Saudi Arabia that boasts a very rich cultural tradition expressed through different forms of ancient rock carvings, inscriptions, and decorative motifs. These archaeological constituents represent a great opportunity for the integration of historical art forms with state-of-the-art design practices in line with KSA Vision 2030, set on cultural promotion coupled with technological advancement. The central research problem looks into how AlUla's cultural motifs could be adapted for use in ornamental accessories by employing advanced surface treatment techniques on metals. The approach followed in the research is descriptive and analytical to explore, from a theoretical viewpoint, the historical significance and artistic value of the archaeological decorations in AlUla. It further probes into an experimental methodology of applying methods of contemporary digital printing on metal surfaces. This will not only try to bring to light how these ancient symbols influenced the evolution of the decorative arts in the Kingdom, but also how present-day technology may revitalize these traditional designs for today's market. The findings prove that digital printing techniques are actually useful in producing very complex and culturally inspired metal accessories, thus proving the point of heritage meeting innovation. From this research, it is necessary to establish that it holds great potential for functionality and aesthetic enhancement of ornamental accessories to foster cultural heritage via contemporary art. It goes to recommend further explorations of technological advances in digital printing and applications within metal accessory industries for further emphasis on integrating traditional art forms with modern technologies of production for added value to the cultural heritage and commercial practices.

VL  - 12
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Khadijah Mohammed Nouruldeen

Department of Painting and Arts, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, KSA

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Nouruldeen, K. M. (2024). AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment. Humanities and Social Sciences, 12(6), 179-192. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11

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ACS Style

Nouruldeen, K. M. AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 2024, 12(6), 179-192. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11

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AMA Style

Nouruldeen KM. AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment. Humanit Soc Sci. 2024;12(6):179-192. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11

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@article{10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11,
  author = {Khadijah Mohammed Nouruldeen},
  title = {AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment
},
  journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {179-192},
  doi = {10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hss.20241206.11},
  abstract = {The research aimed to explore the use of archeological rock ornamentations from AlUla in designing and manufacturing decorative accessories globally, employing up-to-date printing methods on metal surfaces. AlUla is the place in northwest Saudi Arabia that boasts a very rich cultural tradition expressed through different forms of ancient rock carvings, inscriptions, and decorative motifs. These archaeological constituents represent a great opportunity for the integration of historical art forms with state-of-the-art design practices in line with KSA Vision 2030, set on cultural promotion coupled with technological advancement. The central research problem looks into how AlUla's cultural motifs could be adapted for use in ornamental accessories by employing advanced surface treatment techniques on metals. The approach followed in the research is descriptive and analytical to explore, from a theoretical viewpoint, the historical significance and artistic value of the archaeological decorations in AlUla. It further probes into an experimental methodology of applying methods of contemporary digital printing on metal surfaces. This will not only try to bring to light how these ancient symbols influenced the evolution of the decorative arts in the Kingdom, but also how present-day technology may revitalize these traditional designs for today's market. The findings prove that digital printing techniques are actually useful in producing very complex and culturally inspired metal accessories, thus proving the point of heritage meeting innovation. From this research, it is necessary to establish that it holds great potential for functionality and aesthetic enhancement of ornamental accessories to foster cultural heritage via contemporary art. It goes to recommend further explorations of technological advances in digital printing and applications within metal accessory industries for further emphasis on integrating traditional art forms with modern technologies of production for added value to the cultural heritage and commercial practices.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - AlUla Archaeological Decorations Regarding Ornamental Accessories Using Contemporary Printing Techniques by Metal Surface Treatment

AU  - Khadijah Mohammed Nouruldeen
Y1  - 2024/11/14
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11
T2  - Humanities and Social Sciences
JF  - Humanities and Social Sciences
JO  - Humanities and Social Sciences
SP  - 179
EP  - 192
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8184
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20241206.11
AB  - The research aimed to explore the use of archeological rock ornamentations from AlUla in designing and manufacturing decorative accessories globally, employing up-to-date printing methods on metal surfaces. AlUla is the place in northwest Saudi Arabia that boasts a very rich cultural tradition expressed through different forms of ancient rock carvings, inscriptions, and decorative motifs. These archaeological constituents represent a great opportunity for the integration of historical art forms with state-of-the-art design practices in line with KSA Vision 2030, set on cultural promotion coupled with technological advancement. The central research problem looks into how AlUla's cultural motifs could be adapted for use in ornamental accessories by employing advanced surface treatment techniques on metals. The approach followed in the research is descriptive and analytical to explore, from a theoretical viewpoint, the historical significance and artistic value of the archaeological decorations in AlUla. It further probes into an experimental methodology of applying methods of contemporary digital printing on metal surfaces. This will not only try to bring to light how these ancient symbols influenced the evolution of the decorative arts in the Kingdom, but also how present-day technology may revitalize these traditional designs for today's market. The findings prove that digital printing techniques are actually useful in producing very complex and culturally inspired metal accessories, thus proving the point of heritage meeting innovation. From this research, it is necessary to establish that it holds great potential for functionality and aesthetic enhancement of ornamental accessories to foster cultural heritage via contemporary art. It goes to recommend further explorations of technological advances in digital printing and applications within metal accessory industries for further emphasis on integrating traditional art forms with modern technologies of production for added value to the cultural heritage and commercial practices.

VL  - 12
IS  - 6
ER  -

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